How often have you heard people use the terms cement and concrete as if they mean the same thing?
Probably enough to make you question whether there’s any real difference. While the two are connected in some ways, the difference is clear.
Concrete and cement are not the same.
In this blog, Bullionrise consult will break down everything you need to know to help you understand the meaning and difference between cement and concrete.
Most people know little about concrete beyond its common use.
For instance, concrete is porous, it’s the second most-used material in the world after water, and, importantly, it’s not the same as cement.
Although cement and concrete are often used interchangeably, they refer to different but related materials.
Concrete is a composite made from various materials, with cement being one of the key components.
What is cement?
Cement production starts with limestone, a sedimentary rock.
After quarrying, it’s combined with a silica source, such as slag or fly ash (industrial byproducts), and heated in a kiln at 2,700 degrees Fahrenheit.
The result is clinker, which cement plants grind into a fine powder and mix with additives to produce cement.
Types of Cement
The most common type of cement is Portland cement, but there are other types, including:
- White cement – used for decorative purposes.
- Rapid-hardening cement – used where quick strength gain is needed.
- Low-heat cement – used in massive concrete structures to reduce the heat generated during hydration.
- Sulphate-resistant cement – used in environments with high sulphate exposure.
How cement works
Cement is then transported to construction sites, where it’s mixed with water to create cement paste that holds sand and gravel (or other aggregates) together.
This chemical reaction is known as hydration, which causes the mixture to harden over time.
What is concrete?
Concrete is a composite material made by mixing cement, water, sand, and coarse aggregates (such as gravel or crushed stone).
If sand is added to the cement paste, it forms mortar.
Adding larger aggregates, such as stones and gravel up to an inch in diameter, produces concrete.
See also – What are the 4 Types of Building Foundations in Nigeria?
Components of Concrete
- Cement – Acts as the binding agent.
- Water – Activates the cement and initiates the hydration process.
- Fine Aggregates – Sand or crushed stone fills voids and improves workability.
- Coarse Aggregates – Gravel or crushed rock provides bulk and strength.
- Admixtures (optional) – Chemicals added to modify properties like setting time and workability.
Concrete’s strength comes from a chemical reaction called hydration, which occurs when cement and water is mixed.
During hydration, the clinker dissolves into calcium and reacts with water and silica to form calcium silica hydrates.
Concrete attains the best compressive strength after 28 days of curing.
A key factor that determines the quality and strength of concrete is its grade.
The concrete grade specifies the strength and composition of the concrete mixture, helping builders choose the right type for specific projects.
The common concrete grades used in Nigeria are :
M5 and M7.5:
Mix ratio: 1:5:10 (cement :sand :aggregate)
M10 and M15:
Mix ratio: 1:3:6 or 1:4:8 ( cement :sand :aggregate)
M20:
Mix ratio: 1:2:4 (Cement :sand :aggregate)
M25:
Mix ratio: 1:1.5:3(Cement: sand :aggregate)
Selection of Concrete Grades in Nigeria
Factors Influencing Choice of Concrete Grade:
1. Type of Structure – Residential buildings typically require M15 to M25, while commercial and high-rise structures need M20 and above.
2. Load-Bearing Capacity – Heavier loads and taller structures require higher-grade concrete.
3. Environmental Conditions – In areas with high rainfall, humidity, or chemical exposure, higher-grade concrete (M30 and above) offers better resistance.
4. Cost and Availability – Lower-grade concrete (M10 to M20) is more affordable and easier to source, making it suitable for smaller projects.
Recommended Concrete Grades for Common Structures in Nigeria
Structure Type Recommended Concrete Grade
- Residential foundation (bungalows) M15 – M20
- Multi-story residential buildings M20 – M30
- Commercial buildings M20 – M40
- Bridge decks and flyovers M35 – M40
- Pavements and driveways M20 – M30
- Retaining walls and water tanks M30 – M40
Conclusion
While cement and concrete are closely related, they are not the same.
Cement is a binding agent used to make concrete, while concrete is a composite material that forms the backbone of modern construction.
Understanding the difference helps ensure the right materials are chosen for construction projects, improving both quality and durability.
Frequently asked questions:
when to use cement or concrete?
Cement can be used to do most everything involving heavy-duty construction, from roads to back yard walk way.
Cement can be used for several similar building similar building projects, but its no substitute for the strength and durability of concrete.
what lasts longer, cement or concrete?
Concrete lasts much longer than cement, as it can withstand heavy loads and harsh weather conditions.
why do people say cement when they mean concrete?
People often confuse cement with concrete because cement is a key ingredient in concrete, but they are not the same thing.
Is cement stronger than concrete?
Cement is not stronger than concrete, although it’s the critical binding agent in concrete formulas.
Still, concrete largely gets its compressive strength from sand and gravel aggregates rather than cement
